Birth to 1 year | Trust vs. mistrust |
1 year to 2 years | Autonomy vs. shame and doubt |
3 to 5 years | Initiative vs. guilt |
5 years to puberty | Industry vs. inferiority |
Adolescence | Identity vs. isolation |
Young adulthood | Intimacy vs. isolation |
Middle adulthood | Generativity vs. stagnation |
Late adulthood | Integrity vs. despair |
15 years | 志于學 : aspired to learning |
30 years | 立 : became independent |
40 years | 不惑 : became free from vacillation |
50 years | 知天命 : realized the God’s will |
60 years | 耳順 : understood anything that he heard |
70 years | 從心所欲 不踰矩 : doing what he wanted, yet his behavior was always reasonable. |
Both Erikson and Confucius divided the developmental stages regarding the cognitive level at certain ages. Erikson claimed that people at each stage develop their personality, confronting unique task at each stage. Confucius talked about his own experience, which can generalized into ideal developmental model.
Confucius did not considered the earlier stages before the adolescence, maybe because his main concern is about the developmental stages as a scholar. The first stage of Confucius' development is consistent with the sixth stage of Erikson's theory: Confucius found his identity of scholar at the age 15, which is the middle of adolescence. The second stage, becoming independent and the stage of young adulthood in Erikson's model are a little different due to cultural issue: in the wiestern culture, independence from parents is very normal, but in Asia it is not. However, they basically deal with the same theme that young adults should reform their relationships with others to be a "socially healthy" adult. The fourty year is the threshold between the young and middle adulthoods. At this stage, people should be free from vacillation, according to Confucius. I think that saying means when people enter into the middle age, they have be prepared to become instructors for the young. At the age 50, which is the halfway of the middle adulthood, people realize the God's will. In particularly in Erikson's theory, the God's will can be interpreted as the responsibility to help the next generation. Finally, at the age 60, Confucius was able to understand anything that he heard. Although the age 60 is in the middle adulthood, Confucius' stage is better match with the last stage of the Erikson's theory. (Maybe it is because Confucius was special.) At the age 60, Confucius had experienced so completely that he reached integrity of understanding others' words. The more advanced integrity came when Confucius was 70 years old: not only his cognition but also his natural behavior became complete. I think this last stage of Confucius is the ultimate level of "integrity" as normal people have to think consciously to behave appropriately even if they become old.
In fact, those two theories of development might not be accurate depending on the cultural background, educational environment and capability of individuals. Yet, I found it interesting enough to compare the thoughts of two very different people - one is a philosopher in ancient China, and the other is an American psychologist in the late 20th century - on my halfway of boring and demanding homework.
What a great way to inject some real thinking into your otherwise boring homework. You could have the beginnings of a research paper here. I found it interesting. The ability to compare and contrast these concepts means you are thinking way outside the box. Are there other things and thinkers you can compare? Tons. I can think of one already. The Hero's Journey. Isn't it the same? Childhood is the ordinairy world. Adolescence is the call to adventure. As some point when we are adults, we will face The Ordeal of living life. In our old age, hopefully we can Return With the Elixir, and live happily ever after.
답글삭제Extra writing? Whatever it is it's good.
Great! One of the things I love about the Confucian 'paradigm' is the Doctrine of the Mean (said to the a gem written by Confucius' nephew or something). But Confucius said shared also this insight I find he must have come up with in his 60s(耳順): 順天子 -> 興 / 逆天子 -> 亡. How do you listen to 天 in your 10s? ^^
답글삭제My belief about Confucius's 70-year-old stage is that old men do whatever they want. "At 70 I became an old man who returned soup at a deli."
답글삭제